( Oliver, Roland Sir Donald Cameron, governor from 1925 to 1931, infused a new vigour into the country. @ n ? " Britain retained control of the region after World War II, when it became a United Nations trust territory. TANU installed a deep-rooted fear within the African population that the colonialists might still rule or have influence, even after independence. Inevitably the retrenchment evident in the 1930s became still more severe, and, while prices for primary products soared, the value of money depreciated proportionately. and He reorganized the system of native administration by the Native Authority Ordinance (1926) and the Native Courts Ordinance (1929). officer in North-West Tanganyika, engaged upon researches along the same line, though in his case the Hamitic dynasty was less advanced and the survival of the basic organization probably more vigorous. Cooperation expanded with those protectorates and, later, countries in a number of ways, leading to the establishment of the East African High Commission (19481961) and the East African Common Services Organisation (19611967), forerunners of the East African Community. For, as we saw in Chapter 8, after 1932 the colonial government refused to treat seriously African co-operatives that were not directly controlled by chiefs or expatriates. In 1920, Britain was given responsibility for Tanganyika under a mandate from the League of Nations. Sir Donald Cameron, assuming the governorship in 1925, instituted "little change" in Byatt's administrative system, although he accelerated the process and considerably escalated the rhetoric of indirect rule. Henry Morton Stanley had found the name of "Tanganika", when he travelled to Ujiji in 1876. The German government set up a separate Colonial Department in 1907, and more money was invested in East Africa. a) The Africans lost their political independence. the educated).5. A system of government of one nation by another in which the governed people retain certain administrative, legal, and other powers. 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2023 Informa UK Limited, Registered in England & Wales No. The Belgian administration was mainly indirect rule which was done through traditional chiefs. and then emulated by the French after World War I, the Belgians in the 1930s, and the Portuguese in the 1950s. Congo finally became independent in 1960. Akidas were mainly Arabs or Swahili people. It was applied in Namibia, Tanganyika, Togo etc. The minister only sought advice from Governor Generals who were stationed in the colonies and made decisions based on their recommendations. From 1895, onwards, exploitation of wild rubber was the main activity. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This meant that they appointed officers for their countries to rule on behalf of the home country. No new co-operatives were accepted during Camerons six years in Tanganyika. Those who refused to grow crops were beaten and mistreated. From 20 July 1922, it was formalised into a League of Nations mandate under British rule. The next month, however, he resigned from this position in order to devote his time to writing and to synthesizing his views of government and of African unity; he was succeeded by Rashidi Kawawa. to preserve African political institutions. What is the meaning of direct and indirect rule? These challenges only emphasized the insecurities of Tanganyika and its people. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. They were allowed to vote for their representatives in the chambers of deputies. From 1946, it was administered by the UK as a United Nations trust territory. The "tribal" system of indirect rule probably created more problems in Njombe District and throughout Tanganyika than it solved. Cameron has been described as the first great governor, and Nyerere himself, in 1956, singled him out as the only governor up to that time who had not ruled the country as if it were a British colony (Listowel 1965: 75; Nyerere 1966: 41). In 1927, in response to settler pressure, he attempted to limit the growing of coffee by Africans. The British in the colony had a Legislative Council (LegCo) which was established in 1906 and made all the laws that governed the colony. The first elections to the unofficial side of the council (in 1958 and 1959), however, enabled TANU to show its strength, for even among the European and Asian candidates, only those supported by TANU were elected. Indirect rule is a weaker form of government, because it allows some of the local people under appointment to make decisions regarding the codification of the law. No decisions were made unless the right channels were followed, and in many cases, the feelings and views of African subjects were not taken into account. In the Republic of India, "President's rule" refers to the imposition of Article 356 of the Constitution of India on a state whose constitutional body has failed. In India, indigenous institutions continued to exist, and upon independence, efforts were made to integrate the domi- nant and indigenous education systems. During their rule, Africans were mistreated by settlers who had taken control over them. Tanganyika in 1912 was poised for that struggle for control between European settler and educated African which has been a fundamental theme of the modern history of East and Central Africa. Lugard himself argued this position, in the foreword to C. F. Stricklands book Co-operation for Africa, already referred to in Chapter 8: The fundamental principle of the [co-operative] system is identical with that of Indirect Rulewhich could be better named Cooperative Rulethe essential aim of both being to teach personal responsibility and initiative (Lugard 1933: vii). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In 1893 there was only one Sisal plantation in the country, by 1913 there were 54. It involved the comprehensive sway of market institutions: the appropriation of land, destruction . In 1920, Britain was given responsibility for Tanganyika under a League of Nations mandate. And he also insisted on close government control in the form of a Registrar with the power to set up societies and if need be to liquidate any which do not obey the rules. The rebellion was put down only after the intervention of the imperial German government and with the assistance of the British navy. African people were treated badly. Those whose harvest was poor were also punished since it was felt that they had not put in enough effort. Both elections were won by the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), which led the country to independence in December 1961. Find out more about saving content to . His object was to build up local government on the basis of traditional authorities, an aim that he pursued with doctrinaire enthusiasm and success. French used direct rule- Assimilation . Tanganyika now forms part of the modern-day sovereign state of Tanzania. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. On April 26, 1964, it joined with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. The assimilated blacks enjoyed the following rights: The policy of assimilation failed and was replaced with the policy of association. Without the co-operative movement, with its apparent demonstration that Africans could be successful in business, but in reality almost totally controlled by central government, it would have been much harder to transfer power in 1961. Did Germany use direct rule in Africa? The Portuguese gained control of the coastline in the late 15th century, but they were driven out by the Arabs of Oman and Zanzibar in the late 18th century. b) Modern health facilities, formal education and other social services were introduced ninto the country. [12], Tanganyika eventually gained its independence on 9 December 1961,[13] after Nyerere had met a British government representative to arrange the steps to be taken on the road to independence. In 1885, the German Empire declared its intent to establish a protectorate in the area, named German East Africa (GEA), under the leadership of Carl Peters. Registered in England & Wales No. Reasons for Introducing Indirect Rule in Nigeria. So, it can be said that the principal controls the agent. The British always recognized that sooner or later they would be threatened by a class of educated Africans. This was highly resented by the local people in Tanganyika. For example, it was used by Germans in Tanganyika where they either employed their pure Europeans or imported other mixed cultures of Jumbes and Akidas in Tanganyika. During German rule in Tanganyika they used direct rule system thus faced a lot of resistances from Tanganyika societies such as Hehe resistance, Yao and Chagga resistance. These views encouraged Europeans to exploit the African continent and people. c) Foreign culture was imposed on Africans without regard for their own culture. But he also wrote (pp. Preservation of traditional institutions. What was true of indirect control? The colonial administration used the already existing traditional systems to rule colonies. These companies also taxed the Africans in the form of rubber, ivory, food or cash. In some areas, Islam became adopted by the native peoples such as the Yao in the south of the country. He gave generous rewards to any company that agreed to come into Congo to start a project. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Berman, German Colonialism Revisited: African, Asian, and Oceanic Experiences (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2014) page 114, East African Common Services Organisation, "Faith and Development in Focus, Tanzania", "Tanganyika: The Realities of Independence", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanganyika_Territory&oldid=1152683311, This page was last edited on 1 May 2023, at 17:36. 11 representing Tanganyika, Kimambo, N. and Maddox, H. (2017) A New History of Tanzania. Unlike direct rule, it aimed at changing the preferences of the mass of the colonized, not just a narrow elite" (Mamdani 1999, 862). They were allowed to be elected in the chambers of deputies. Germans did not make any effort to know the local people who were their subjects. Nor can he be said to have encouraged a rapid promotion of Africans in the administration. Many were required to work for free on cotton plantations for twenty-eight days a year. The Germans then decided to force the people to grow crops. Whats the difference between direct and indirect control? Assimilation Policy This was not successful. Sir Donald Cameron, who succeeded Byatt in 1925 and stayed for six years, is remembered for his passionate belief in indirect rule.2 This was an attempt to rule the country through chiefs, or at least to give the chiefs an appearance of ruling the country. It failed because of the lack of adequate preliminary investigations and was subsequently carried out on a greatly reduced scale. They were made to believe that their traditional beliefs were primitive. The laws within the colonies mainly came from France, and it was in the form of decrees or orders. By 1905, Tanganyika was largely under German rule and about 300 settlers had taken over much of the best land. and During World War I, Britain captured the German holdings, which became a British mandate (1920) under the name Tanganyika Territory. There was some resistance, though, from the British settlers who established the United Tanganyikan Party (UTP) by Brian Willis in 1956. (pp. The economic depression after 1929 resulted in the curtailment of many of Camerons development proposals. Cited by 56. [9], One of the major drivers for decolonisation in Tanganyika was TANU which was founded in 1954, led by Julius Nyerere. Colonial administration in Kenya used Direct Rule. anthony provenzano obituary, Seminole County School Board, Articles D
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