3O4 nanofluid in a shell and helical coil heat exchanger, Heat transfer and exergy efficiency analysis of 60% water and 40% ethylene glycol mixture diamond nanofluids flow through a shell and helical coil heat exchanger, Laminar convective heat transfer, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency studies on ethylene glycol based nanofluid containing nanodiamond nanoparticles, Experimental and modeling studies of N-doped carbon quantum dot nanofluids for heat transfer systems, Modeling thermal conductivity of nanofluids using advanced correlative approaches: Group method of data handling and gene expression programming, Thermophysical, rheological and electrical properties of mono and hybrid TiB2/B4C nanofluids based on a propylene glycol:water mixture, A new frame saw machine by diamond segmented blade for cutting granite, The significance of scaling effects in a solar absorber plate with micro-channels, Improved transient heat transfer performance of ZnOpropylene glycol nanofluids for energy management, Thermal conductivity and viscosity of water based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids: An experimental study, Effect of temperature and sonication time on nanofluid thermal conductivity measurements by nano-flash method, Thermo-physical properties of diamond nanofluids: A review. The effect of various factors on the thermal-physical properties of diamond nanofluids is also reviewed, and the stability and viscosity of diamond nanofluids are tabulated and compared. 0000003207 00000 n The functional groups on the treated UDD powders were analyzed by FTIR. It is hygroscopic, meaning that it readily absorbs water from the surrounding environment. Drazen, you seem to have drifted from the original question. The problem is glycol in the condensate which could be fatal to the boiler. We need How about a secondary heat exchanger, i.e primary steam/water heats intermediate water. Intemediate water is pumped to a secondary heat exchanger w However, the penalty in friction factor and pressure drop is 17.28% and 14.24% under the same Reynolds number and 1.0vol% nanofluid over the base fluid. The ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders were purchased from International Technology Centre, USA (http://www.itc-inc.org) with the following specifications: 98% purity, 510nm particle core size, cubic shape, grey color, 300400m2/g specific surface area. [27] prepared PG based Al2O3 nanofluids and estimated viscosity experimentally and proposed viscosity model. For 1.0% vol. The stability, thermophysical properties and rheological characteristics of N-CQDs nanofluids were investigated. conductivity 34590-94-8 isomeric mixture and 20324-32-7 major isomer) PM and PMA were reviewed at SIAM 11 and DPM was reviewed at SIAM 12. 0000089466 00000 n Because dissolved salts and other inorganic chemicals conduct electrical current, conductivity increases as salinity increases. Nanoscale, 2023, Advance Article Forget about conductivity, it is directly related to temperature and is used in domestic/process water systems (water treatment) where you don't ha 2 shows the IR spectra of UDD powders, acid treated, salt and sucrose milled samples. Copyright Clearance Center request page. The stable ND nanofluids were prepared by considering 60:40% water+ethylene glycol (weight percentage) mixture as base fluid and the experiments were performed at particle loadings ranging from 0.2% to 1.0% and the Reynolds number ranging from 900 to 4800, respectively. Under constant heat flux conditions, ZnOPG nanofluids exhibited linear increase in heat removal rates with increasing nanoparticle concentration. Naik and Sundar [28] prepared 30:70% PG/W based CuO nanofluid and estimated thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were estimated experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. would like to thank FCT for his post-doctoral research grant: SFRH/BPD/79104/2011. conductivity 0000000016 00000 n Water-Glycol mixture measurement | Baker Hughes 0000113197 00000 n * Propylene glycol Complex Coolant Fluid for PEM Fuel Energy . New friction factor and Nusselt number equations were created. The stable PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids were prepared by dispersing ND acid treated, The nanodiamond (ND) particles were produced using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. In this particular system we are using an expansion tank with a bladder, so we don't have a make-up pump. The Wilson plot method is used to analyze the helical coil side heat transfer coefficients. 0000088462 00000 n 0000002832 00000 n The thermal conductivity results here reported can be compared with those previously published by Sundar et al. The heat transfer capability of these single phase heat transfer fluids is limited because of its poor thermal conductivity. The UDD powders contains large quantity of carbon impurities, which can be removed using strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make UDD powders into single ND particles. An investigation has been undertaken into the stone processing machines. of Propylene Glycol Absolute deviations lower than 1.5% were obtained between the experimental and predicted data using the aforementioned nanopowder thermal conductivities, as can be observed in Fig. The study also investigated the dispersion stability of BNNBs in different solvents using Hansen Solubility Parameters, revealing that propylene glycol mixtures demonstrated better long-term stability compared to ethylene glycol mixtures. 0000073108 00000 n From the Prasher et al. Electrical conductivity of 50% glycol with inhibitors Properties for Dowfrost (Propylene Glycol) Electrical conductivity for 50% at 25 deg C = 2,060 micromhos/cm and 249 micromhos/cm for 50% at 0 deg C. Looks %PDF-1.6 % WebThermal conductivities for some common liquids at temperature 300 K (26.8 oC, 80.3 oF): 1 W/(m K) = 1 W/(m oC) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m oC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft h oF) = 0.048 Btu/(in h startxref Thereby, nanofluids have proven to be useful in applications, especially electronic cooling, where increasing thermal properties and avoiding electrical conductivity are vital. DOWFROSTfluid has an operating The results of proposed models were compared to 23 well-known theoretical and empirical models. [27] analysis.knfkbf=1+Cknfbf=1+Cwhere, is the volume concentration, Ck and C are the thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancement coefficients. 0000133274 00000 n Among all the carbon materials ND particles creates great interest because of their superior hardness, thermal conductivity, i.e. Here, we perform electrical characterizations of propylene glycol-based ZnO nanofluids with volume fractions as high as 7%, measuring up to a 100-fold increase in electrical conductivity over the base fluid. The carbon based materials such as multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), graphene and nanodiamond (ND) materials contain high thermal conductivity compared to other materials. This study investigates the potential of composite allotrope boron nitride nanobarbs (BNNBs) as nanoparticles for enhancing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids based on mixtures of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol with water. Fig. The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of ND particles was analyzed by FTIR spectrum. Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture. This study recommends that the volume concentration of Fe3O4/60:40%W+EG nanofluid should not exceed volume concentration of 1.0% because the added benefit of working with concentrations higher than 1.0vol% may not outweigh the added cost and complexities of the nanofluid. Since water is seen as the golden standard in thermal conductivity, higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in a water solution will cause heat to pass through it slower, therefore, the lower the amount of ethylene glycol in the mixture, the more efficient it is at conducting heat. [25], [26] also prepared 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% EG/W based Fe3O4 nanofluids and measured both thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. MEG (Mono Ethylene Glycol) or C2H6O2. 0000002868 00000 n Annual production of propylene glycol in Branson et al. They obtained increases of 10.4% and 9.9% for 0.5 vol% concentration of Fe3O4 [14] and 1 vol% concentration of nanodiamonds [15] at 293.15 K, respectively. 0000087804 00000 n The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of ND particles was analyzed by FTIR spectrum. Propylene Glycol Ethers Islam, R.; Shabani, B. Tyler et al. [27] model and Mouromtseff number [31] is used to study the heat transfer benefits of PG/W based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions. The values of Ck and C for all the volume concentrations and, The purchased UDD powders were successfully treated using strong acids, dry powders of salt and sucrose to remove carbon impurities. and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of nanodiamond was analyzed by FTIR. The present findings are consistent with those of Palabiyik et al. Sundar et al. [17] prepared mineral oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 70% at 0.1wt.%. In the heat exchanger, the hot fluid passes through the shell side and the cold fluid (nanofluid) passes through the helical coil side. 5. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were estimated experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 010 wt%. Ghazvini et al. The GMDH model showed a better performance compared to GEP, and could predict all data with an average absolute relative error of 2.27% in training and 2.44% in testing data set. 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. The B4C mono nanofluid shows the highest improvements of thermal conductivity (6.0%) and electrical conductivity (70 times higher), but also the highest viscosity increases (5154%). 115-123, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 76, 2016, pp. Experiments were performed to study the transient heat transfer characteristics of probe-ultrasonicated, surfactant-free, ZnOpropylene glycol (ZnOPG) nanofluids under constant heat flux and constant bath temperature conditions. The present work shows an innovative frame saw machine to cut granite, the eccentric hinge guide mechanism is introduced into the machine. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectra was also performed on acid treated ND particles. Another method for removing the carbon impurities from the UDD powders is with dry salt or dry sucrose [10]. The frictional exergy destruction is found to contribute together with heat transfer exergy destruction to the total entropy of the SCHE system. Table 8-3-1 - Properties of mixture Water/Glycol - CERN We are continuing our optimization to bring this level down by an order of magnitude (which is accepted by almost all the fuel cell manufacturers). WebLearn about the chemical and physical properties of Ethylene Glycol/water mixtures, on our blog. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were investigated experimentally, whereas the density and specific heat were estimated theoretically. The authors would like to acknowledge the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT) for the funding of the present research work through the grant no: PTDC/EME-MFE/105031/2008 (ACMS) and UID/EMS/00481/2013 (TEMA/DEM). 0000088822 00000 n [14] also used strong acids of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the molar ratio of 3:1 for the purification of UDD powders and prepared 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% ethylene glycol/water mixture based ND nanofluids and estimated both thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. 0000087536 00000 n The electrical conductivity of glycol mixtures within the range of Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA Effects of working temperature on thermo-physical properties and forced convection heat transfer of TiO 2 nanofluids in waterEthylene glycol mixture. A detailed procedure is presented for the implementation and evaluation, by Nano-Flash Method, of thermal conductivity of nanofluids with water as base fluid and at different volume concentrations of Al2O3. Please enable JavaScript By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. An enhancement of thermal conductivity with respect to temperature and volumetric concentration is found, as expected. p^h72n* 8pW&.=rfeK&=d_">!f4-6%)|Z>,^R :qz*jn88H1 Z'2P?[-ik,2T0!L WebElectrical Conductivity ( S/cm) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.05% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) 55% Propylene Glycol + 45% DI Water + 0.1% Benzotriazole + 0.025% Nanoparticles (Mix# 2) Electrical Conductivity vs. Time for the Coolant Formulations in a 1 L Dynamic Test Loop at 70oC 11 Logic Compact Orange Light, Is Clifford Friend Still In Jail, Articles E
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