Animal models of Streptococcus pneumoniae disease Philipp M.T., Doyle L.A., Martin D.S., Plauch G.B., Phillippi-Falkenstein K.M., Bohm R.P., Jr. A rhesus macaque model of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage. Clement C.G., Tuvim M.J., Evans C.M., Tuvin D.M., Dickey B.F., Evans S.E. Rabbit calicivirus disease, also known as viral hemorrhagic disease, is highly infectious in European rabbits (Oryctolagus). Outbreaks of rabbit calicivirus disease occurred in Australia (1995), New Zealand (1997), and Cuba (1997). The metal cannula is then used as a guide to advance polyethylene tubing, through which the inoculum is instilled (usually 20 L). Rabbits that are treated successfully for hepatic coccidiosis are immune to subsequent infections. CF-370: , , - Studies that specifically investigate the effect of aging on susceptibility to pneumococcal disease [31,40,41] compare aged mice (1926 months old) with young adults. To treat ketosis, your veterinarian may inject fluids that contain glucose. In our opinion, the major and more important application of the rat model is the assessment of the efficacy, pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinteic of new antibiotics for susceptible or pneumococcal resistant strains (e.g., penicillin-resistant pneumococcal strains) [72,76,83,85,89,90]. Your veterinarian may need to flush the tear ducts to treat dacryocystitis. Yamamoto K., Ahyi A.N., Pepper-Cunningham Z.A., Ferrari J.D., Wilson A.A., Jones M.R., Quinton L.J., Mizgerd J.P. Collection of body secretions and samples is feasible with this model, making it attractive for immune response follow-up [114]. When infestation does occur, the rabbits are extremely itchy. Infections can be caused by bacteria or viruses. Generally, capsular serotypes 25 and 6B are highly virulent [12]. Richter S.S., Heilmann K.P., Dohrn C.L., Riahi F., Beekmann S.E., Doern G.V. Macroscopic lung tissue scores (A) and lung edema rates (LW/BW 10 3) (B) of rabbits FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand treatment of mice aggravates acute lung injury in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae: Role of pneumolysin. Efficacy of antimicrobial chemotherapy in experimental rat pneumonia: Effects of impaired phagocytosis. To facilitate distal migration of the inoculum to the alveoli, anesthetized animals are usually kept in supine position with their heads elevated at a 45-degree angle until anesthesia has waned [45]. Butorphanol Tramadol To collect BAL, a small volume (usually 1 mL) of sterile saline is instilled into the animals lungs and immediately removed. Similar findings were seen in rhesus macaque models that develop similar respiratory symptoms, elevation of inflammatory biomarkes and pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum and BAL [133]. Owners of infected rabbits should avoid close contact with their pets and use disposable gloves, followed by thorough hand and arm washing when handling infected rabbits, cleaning cages and equipment, or disposing of waste materials. Signs may include loss of appetite, depression, and weight loss. Your veterinarian may be able to feel an intestinal blockage. Penicillin-resistant pneumococcal strains and other resistant phenotypes have been established in rabbit models in order to evaluate efficacy of new antibiotics [18,101,105,106]. Therefore, animal models were historically developed to better understand the mechanisms of disease, to test new diagnostic and treatment alternatives including those against highly resistant pneumococcus, and to test vaccines to prevent invasive disease [9,10]. Clinical symptoms and survival rate. hypogammaglobulinemia may be encountered. Bergeron Y., Ouellet N., Deslauriers A.M., Simard M., Olivier M., Bergeron M.G. National Library of Medicine Possible contributing factors include obesity and lack of exercise. Induction of pulmonary inflammation by components of the pneumococcal cell surface. Fur mites are also common on rabbits. Suzuki H., Hogg J.C., van Eeden S.F. The condition is extremely contagious and can be transmitted to humans. Kalin M. Pneumococcal serotypes and their clinical relevance. We searched Medline for any paper published in English language to March 1, 2019. Providing a high-fiber diet, avoiding stress and obesity, enriching the environment with toys and items to chew, and combing the rabbit daily to remove loose hair help prevent this condition. Vaccination from 12 weeks of age is effective and The special case of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Among the studies focusing on pathogenesis, we observed that rat models are suitable to address lobar pneumococcal pneumonia, in particular on the role of impaired phagocytosis and on the detrimental effect of pneumolysin, which enhance pneumococcal virulence [78,79,80]. Most domestic rabbits can easily live to be 8 years old, and many can live In countries where pneumococcal vaccines are used, the prevalence of the aforementioned serotypes has dropped. Azoulay-Dupuis E., Rieux V., Muffat-Joly M., Bdos J.P., Valle E., Rivier C., Isturiz R., Carbon C., Moine P. Relationship between capsular type, penicillin susceptibility, and virulence of human Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in mice. Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against. Because the infection can be passed during breeding, infected animals should not be bred. Indeed, the case fatality rates of pneumonia in patients with hematological malignancies have been estimated at 4080% and may be as high as 90% in some recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) [ 35 ]. From the microorganisms side, the bacterial capsule, which determines pneumococcal serotype, acts as a major virulence factor by protecting the microorganism from phagocytosis. The disease can progress to produce mental status changes, shock, and respiratory failure. Antifungal creams applied to the skin also may be effective. Guckian J.C. Coagulopathy in experimental sepsis with Streptococcus pneumoniae in rabbits: Effect of drug therapy and splenectomy. This narrative review will focus on the characteristics of the different animal pneumococcal pneumonia models. pneumonia, abscesses, otitis media, and septicemia [22,23,24]. From there, it spread through domestic and wild rabbit populations in continental Europe. Pneumococci inoculated by IP administration allow researchers to assess for clinical parameters measured during the progression of the disease [109]. Antibiotic treatment may not cure the infection, however. There is no treatment. In addition, the number of bacteria inoculated and the method of inoculation also play huge roles in virulence of any particular strain. Rotavirus appears to cause only mild disease on its own, but most rotavirus infections are complicated with disease-causing bacteria such as Clostridium or E coli. Hinojosa E., Boyd A.R., Orihuela C.J. Humans and other mammals are also not affected. WHO The Top 10 Causes of Death. The most common diseases of rabbits include digestive system problems, respiratory infections read more ). Savulescu C., Krizova P., Lepoutre A., Mereckiene J., Vestrheim D.F., Ciruela P., Ordobas M., Guevara M., McDonald E., Morfeldt E., et al. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Rabbits show few signs and die within 24 hours of fever onset. Study of the literature on the topic also showed a very high variability between lab to lab. WSAVA/FECAVA/BSAVA World Congress 2012 - VIN Adjusted treatment based on mNGS results can reduce the 28-day and 90-day mortality of patients with severe pneumonia, and shorten the length of hospital and ICU stay. Table 2 summarized purposes of mice models. Another advantage of NPH models is that they develop symptoms consistent with lower respiratory tract infection similar to what is seen in humans. Effective treatment has not been established. Initially, the mammary glands become hot, reddened, and swollen. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, signs of a consolidation with asymmetric chest expansion. Burns T., Abadi M., Pirofski L.A. Modulation of the lung inflammatory response to serotype 8 pneumococcal infection by a human immunoglobulin m monoclonal antibody to serotype 8 capsular polysaccharide. Although the species of Treponema that causes rabbit treponematosis is closely related to the species that causes human syphilis, these bacteria are not transmissible to other domestic animals or humans. Swindle M.M., Makin A., Herron A.J., Clubb FJJr Frazier K.S. Because infected rabbits can spread the disease to humans and other animals, they should be isolated and treated. The area surrounding the anus and genital region becomes inflamed and irritated. Goldstein I., Wallet F., Nicolas-Robin A., Ferrari F., Marquette C.H., Rouby J.J. Adding magnesium oxide to the diet at 0.25% also may be helpful. These areas correspond to the geographic distribution of the California brush rabbit, the reservoir of the infection. To our knowledge, the potential application of PK profile or use of BAL in NHP models has not been evaluated. The first sign of disease is conjunctivitis (inflammation of the eye) that rapidly becomes more severe and is accompanied by a milky discharge from the eye. Distribution of intranasal instillations in mice: Effects of volume, time, body position, and anesthesia. The IV and IPe routes are mainly used to induce systemic pneumococcal infection that leads to bacteremia and then a possible secondary pneumonia [7]. The IN route can be used to establish both nasopharyngeal colonization and infection, mainly depending on the number of bacteria contained in the inoculums and the degree of sedation of the animal. Rabbits are sensitive to heat. Cottontail rabbits and jackrabbits are not susceptible. If both horns are affected, the doe often becomes sterile. WebLosses in rabbitries may be 25%90%. Rat models of experimental pneumonia are also used to assess the virulence of different pneumococcal serotypes, especially in children [79]. Encephalitozoonosis is a widespread protozoal infection of rabbits and occasionally of mice, guinea pigs, rats, and dogs. Prevention is the same as for any other rabbit intestinal disease. Every infection model offers advantages and disadvantages. Individuals 75 years old or older accounted for 76.0% of aspiration pneumonia deaths and the age adjusted rate ratio was 161.0 (CI 160.5161.5). Hoover J.L., Lewandowski T.F., Mininger C.L., Singley C.M., Sucoloski S., Rittenhouse S.A. Rotavirus causes diarrhea in rabbits. Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia in mice: Optimal amoxicillin dosing predicted from a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Since it is beyond the scope of the present review, viral (typically Influenza)-pneumococcal coinfection models will not be discussed here. Infected rabbits usually sneeze and cough. Surgical treatment is effective but may be risky. However, this correlation varies according to the animals phase of life. Pulmonary infection in rabbit models is usually delivered IT, IB, or IP, respectively. 1. Signs include lack of energy, rough coat, staining around the hind end, and death within 48 hours. Therefore, animal models have been developed to better understand the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease and test new therapeutic agents and vaccines. Little is known about how the organism is spread; it is assumed to be an organism that is normally present in low numbers. This can be obtained by using two main different techniques: the oro-tracheal/peroral and the tracheal puncture technique, respectively. The -tocopherol form of vitamin E reverses age-associated susceptibility to streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection by modulating pulmonary neutrophil recruitment. The first described rabbit model to our knowledge was based on instillation of pathogens through a catheter into the trachea [99]. Shope fibromas, a type of benign tumor caused by a virus, are found in nature only in cottontails, although domestic rabbits can be infected by virus-containing material. Effect of clonal and serotype-specific properties on the invasive capacity of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Commercially available outbred mice for genome-wide association studies. Meurens F., Summerfield A., Nauwynck H., Saif L., Gerdts V. The pig: A model for human infectious diseases. The eyelids, nose, lips, and ears become puffy, which gives a swollen appearance to the head. Briles D.E., Crain M.J., Gray B.M., Forman C., Yother J. ASN100 improves survival in rabbit MRSA and MSSA pneumonia models. Signs of ketosis include loss of appetite, dullness of eyes, sluggishness, and difficulty breathing. Sequestration and homing of bone marrow-derived lineage negative progenitor cells in the lung during pneumococcal pneumonia. rabbit pneumonia survival rate This pneumococcal swine model is a valuable model for studies on colonization, transmission and development of vaccines and directed therapies against pneumococcus. Another host factor involved in susceptibility to infection is age. Changing epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 20042005. The model is very advantageous to evaluate pharmacokinetic and efficacy of different drugs, which makes rabbit models unique tools for testing efficacy of compounds, even if they are not used so often for this purpose, especially respectful to mouse models [101,105,106,107]. Summary of the specific aims of the animal models cited in the present review. Development of a model of low-inoculum Streptococcus pneumoniae intrapulmonary infection in infant rats. Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the tissue around the eye)causes redness and discharge from the eyes. In the IT challenge, the pathogen is directly delivered into the animals respiratory tree. Rabbits that survive are not healthy and may not grow to their normal size. Mucoid enteritis is a diarrheal disease of rabbits that causes inflammation, an abnormally high level of secretions, and a buildup of mucus in the small and large intestines. Typically, mice are used as pneumococcal pneumonia models at a young adult age, which ranges between 614 weeks. Some authors expose the trachea in order to visualize the position of a needle inserted through the mouth, allowing accurate administration of the bacteria without the need to incise the airways [61]. Role of lysosomes and cathepsin inhibitor in plasma during pneumococcal infection. The main downside of its lower invasiveness is however that the operator must be skilled at injecting the inoculum with the right timing while the animal is inhaling. The first report of the virus in the Western Hemisphere was in Mexico City in 1988. WebRabbits fed a suitable diet and kept in a healthy environment can live as long as 10 to 12 years. Azoulay-Dupuis E., Vallee E., Veber B., Bedos J.P., Bauchet J., Pocidalo J.J. The most common diseases of rabbits include digestive system problems, respiratory infections, and skin disorders. If antibiotic treatment is started early (the first day the doe stops eating), the rabbit may be saved and damage limited to 1 or 2 mammary glands. Hutches should be kept dry and the feces removed often. These models were created to test the impact of multiple interventions such as therapeutic and immunization agents. All other mammals are resistant to the virus. Hutch burn is often confused with a bacterial disease called treponematosis (see above). A veterinarian can perform tests to confirm the diagnosis of Tyzzer disease. These sores usually are confined to the genital region, but the lips and eyelids may also be involved. Mellencamp M.A., Preheim L.C. Mastitis (inflammation of the breasts) affects nursing does and may cause fatal blood infection. In a physical exam, the most common findings include a febrile patient with signs consistent of a consolidation with asymmetric chest expansion, decreased breath sounds, crackles, bronchophony, echophony, and dullness to percussion. William Robert Goodsir, Articles R
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