It was first reported in March 2014, and is the largest outbreak since the virus was first discovered in 1976. 2015, p. 61). The paper summarizes available evidence regarding the determinants of spread of Ebola virus disease, including health care and community related risk factors. falling to 31.5% in some treatment centers in West Africa,[27]Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Idris M, et al. Ebola virus disease Democratic Republic of the Congo. The triangle comprises three vertices: the agent (the cause of the infection), the host (disease reservoir), and the environment (extraneous factors) responsible for transmission (Kaur, Sachdeya, Jha, & Sulania, 2017). In this interview conducted at Pittcon 2023 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, we spoke to Dr. Chad Merkin, Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology, about his work developing next-generation nanomaterials for medical applications. The virus's relatively unique structure, its infectivity and lethality, the difficulty in stopping its. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a virus transmitted from humans or animals through body fluids. 2016 Jul 14;5:e16412. Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad - SSRN The first presumed fatality was in Guinea in December 2013 [], and the first cases in Sierra Leone were detected in May 2014 [].Initial transmissions in Sierra Leone were concentrated . A cross border surveillance program began in June to limit the spread of the disease between the countries. 01 May 2023. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a deadly zoonotic disease caused by the Ebola virus. Still, pigs can act as an amplifying host, thus potential transmission routes need to be further addressed. Ebola virus then spreads from person to person through direct contact with blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from EVD. Elife. World Health Organization. He enjoys contributing back to the community. The first notification of the virus was mentioned in the Ebola River valley in Zaire for the time of an outburst in 1976. Infect Dis Poverty. Disease Outbreak News. Emerg Infect Dis. Feature Flags: { It also notified WHO labs across Africa to prepare to diagnose cases. Ebola outbreaks with the Zaire and Ta Forest ebolaviruses have been observed in gorillas and chimpanzees since 1994. government site. Clinical manifestations and case management of Ebola haemorrhagic fever caused by a newly identified virus strain, Bundibugyo, Uganda, 2007-2008. Ebola disease caused by Sudan ebolavirus Uganda. Disease outbreak news. It is transmitted by means of contact with infected blood, mucous membranes, semen and other secretions, therefore being skin lesions and sexual contact significant ways of transmission (Boulton, 2014). The most common species of Ebola virus responsible for outbreaks is the Zaire ebolavirus, the second most common species being the Sudan ebolavirus. Most human infections during outbreaks usually occur by direct contact with infected patients or cadavers. section, para. endobj https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON398, 2021: the thirteenth outbreak in the DRC started on October 8, 2021 in the North Kivu province and was declared over on December 16, 2021, with a total of 11 cases and 9 deaths (case fatality rate 82%). 2015 Sep;93(3):438-40. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0229. FOIA Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. and The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. United States Agency for International Development, United Nations Office for Project Services, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER). %PDF-1.5 , The WHO declares an outbreak is over when no confirmed or probable cases are detected for a period of 42 days (i.e., twice the maximum incubation period) since the last potential exposure to the last case occurred; however, WHO recommends heightened surveillance and response activities during the 42-day period and for at least 6 months after. Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Idris M, et al. By clicking "Allow All" you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, Disease outbreak news. 1. and 2022: the fourteenth outbreak in the DRC started on April 23, 2022 in the quateur province and was declared over on July 4, 2022, with a total of 5 cases and 5 deaths (case fatality rate 100%). When healthcare workers became infected colleges became frightened further reducing community trust in the healthcare system. The Epidemiological Triangle is a model that scientists have developed to understand infectious diseases and how they spread is the Epidemiological Triangle. Infection with the Ebola virus in Africa has occurred through the handling of infected gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, fruit bats, forest antelopes, and porcupines. Ebola Virus Disease: Rapid Diagnosis and Timely Case Reporting are Critical to the Early Response for Outbreak Control. 1 0 obj AHCJ: Infectious Diseases - Association of Health Care Journalists What are the benefits of exercise on cardiovascular health? Aug 2022 [internet publication]. hasContentIssue false, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. Zaire Ebola virus poses the most significant threat to humans and animals. The Ebola virus causes a high-risk hemorrhagic fever that affects multiple organ systems in the body and is often accompanied by bleeding (Cullinane & Park, 2014, What is Ebola? https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON351, 2021: a small outbreak was reported in Guinea on February 14, 2021 and was declared over on June 19, 2021, with a total of 23 cases and 12 deaths (case fatality rate 52%). Recent outbreaks. Is there an association between the consumption of ultra-processed food and adverse microbiota-gut-brain axis implications? https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON433. In 2014, a total of 20, 206 cases and 7,905 deaths were reported to have occurred in up to eight countries worldwide. Owned and operated by AZoNetwork, 2000-2023. 7t-P?xBwP%|byhU3F{7Ou6 `yl9]#| %P=mYRKQ>SZU,?z66.G\hT@w}vt*P -9AcJ"guP". 6TU*tV[Nw ~MqO\ !x0[".1@CIkeRq&g85Htl@(_%F 1$`(:6R.||w,(Q_N\`pn/ n (CGCM]/NT`Z`Dl''#m@J?IdC!Gk,2R@:IEgs1:bT S-4IkmYi)k4Ng4q>@MaQ$ https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease, 2014-2016: the worlds largest outbreak started in the DRC in 2014 and finished in 2016, with over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths (case fatality rate 46%). The epidemiological data detailing the number of Ebola cases is updated by the World Health Organization (WHO). News-Medical. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a serious, often fatal disease caused by the Ebolavirus, a virus of the Filoviridae family, capable of infecting multiple species of primates, including humans. Ebola Virus Epidemiology - News-Medical.net Advanced molecular detection and Liberian Ebola. In late 2013, Ebola virus disease (EVD), a deadly and lethal disease, remerged in West Africa spreading to various countries in the region. Jul 2022 [internet publication]. [26]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nazimek K, Bociaga-Jasik M, Bryniarski K, Gaas A, Garlicki A, Gawda A, Gawlik G, Gil K, Kosz-Vnenchak M, Mrozek-Budzyn D, Olszanecki R, Piatek A, Zawiliska B, Marcinkiewicz J. Eastaugh, Lin S. Am J Trop Med Hyg. . Two treatments have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat Ebola virus disease caused by one strain of the Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus), in adults and children. WHO recommended criteria for declaring the end of the Ebola virusdisease. Ebola virus disease in the light of epidemiological triad The complex and unprecedented Ebola epidemic ongoing in West Africa has highlighted the need to review the epidemiological characteristics of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) as well as our current understanding of the transmission dynamics and the effect of control interventions against Ebola transmission. The Epidemiologic Triangle is a model that scientists have developed for studying health problems. Jul 2022 [internet publication]. News-Medical, viewed 01 May 2023, https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Epidemiology.aspx. Ebola Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention Authors Emanuele Nicastri 1 , Gary Kobinger 2 , Francesco Vairo 1 , Chiara Montaldo 1 , Leonard E G Mboera 3 , Rashid Ansunama 4 , Alimuddin Zumla 5 , Giuseppe Ippolito 6 Affiliations Ebola Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Features - PubMed Metrovi, Tomislav. Disease outbreak news. With additional efforts and protocols instituted by organizations such as the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the virus began to fall until the present day. Many of these symptoms are also present with other more common diseases, such as malaria and typhoid fever. Although the latter species was also a suspected cause of a deadly outbreak in pigs in the People's Republic of China and the Philippines, experiments have shown that it does not cause disease in porcine populations. The Epidemiological Presentation Pattern of Ebola Virus Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, Centre for Research on Health Care in Disasters, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X20000333, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. You will find three available alternatives; typing, drawing, or capturing one. ), Marburg and Ebola virus infections in laboratory non-human primates: a literature review, Ebola: The Natural and Human History of a Deadly Virus, Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and intrafamilial spread, Isolation and partial characterization of a new strain of Ebola virus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978, The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995, Emergence of divergent Zaire Ebola virus strains in Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2007 and 2008, Ebola Virus Disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994-1997: epidemiologic and health control issues, Outbreak(s) of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001-July, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Outbreak of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever - Uganda, August 2000-January 2001, Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Uganda, August 2000-January 2001, Filovirus outbreak detection and surveillance: lessons from Bundibugyo, Reemerging Sudan Ebola Virus Disease in Uganda, 2011, Managing Ebola from rural to urban slum settings: experiences from Uganda. There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. World Health Organization. Data | Global Ebola Response doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02212-21. Unfortunately, this is not the case in Africa. National Library of Medicine Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. [33]World Health Organization. <> Non-human primates represent a source of infection for humans, but they are considered an accidental host (akin to humans) and not a reservoir of infection. Epidemiology of the Ebola Virus: Facts and Hypotheses 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244186?tool=bestpractice.com. Supportive care and management of complications are mainstays of treatment. 1978;56(2):271-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2395567/pdf/bullwho00439-0113.pdf, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/307456?tool=bestpractice.com. The opinions expressed here are the views of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of News Medical. Mar 2020 [internet publication]. A Level 3 grade constitutes a greater WHO role in the outbreak, particularly through an increase in resources, According to Cullinane and Park, Hundreds of people are dead as the worst Ebola virus outbreak in history sweeps through West Africa (Cullinane & Park, 2014, para. January 2023 [internet publication]. The number cases for this current year so far is 9,936; 4,877 have been killed by this disease. According to a World Health Organization report, the epidemiological features of Ebola virus disease (EVD) have changed significantly in West Africa. In this study, the new epidemiological features and prevalence trends for EVD in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are described. 8600 Rockville Pike The Epidemiologic Triangle is a model that scientists have developed for studying health problems, specifically to understand infectious diseases and how they spread. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON433. There is no FDA-authorized treatment for the three other strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people. <>>> 2016, p. 2). For any urgent enquiries please contact our customer services team who are ready to help with any problems. Ebola virus has been found in wild animals, such as fruit bats, monkeys, chimpanzees or gorillas, in parts of central and west Africa. The case fatality rate during the 2014 outbreak was up to 64.3% in hospital admissions,[18]WHO Ebola Response Team. A man by the name of Thomas Eric Duncan boarded flight 822 from Liberia to Dallas, Texas. Wear protective clothing and follow infection control recommendations when caring for an infected person. Ebola in Freetown area, Sierra Leone - a case study of 581 patients. between patient and physician/doctor and the medical advice they may provide. Clin Microbiol Infect. About three hundred people in each of the two nations were infected with the virus, resulting in a mortality rate of 88% in Zaire, and 53% in Sudan (Bulletin of the WHO 1978). PDF Ebola outbreak: mission instructions and resources student guide - PBS CDC Issues Level 3 travel Warnings for West Africa. Bookshelf News-Medical. This vaccine is recommended as a pre-exposure vaccine for certain adults who are at risk of being exposed to Ebola virus (for example, outbreak responders, laboratorians or other staff at certain laboratories who handle specimens that might contain Ebola virus, and healthcare personnel working at state or federally designated special pathogens treatment centers). doi: 10.7554/eLife.16412. (2) To the United States, there had never been any worry about the disease until September twentieth of 2014. CHAPTER 2 - Retrospective studies conducted by WHO staff and Guinean health officials identified the index case . Feb 2021 [internet publication]. 6 Characteristics Of A Strong Woman, Which State Has The Most Cities Ending In Ville, Articles E
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