Describe and evaluate family dysfunction as an explanation for Delusions of Grandeur). [4 marks], a) this study is about differences between two conditions/groups so the Mann-Whitney is appropriate it is not about correlation/relationship between two variables so Spearman's is not appropriate. with reference to co-morbidity, Noll (2009) also argues around one third of patients do not respond to drugs which block dopamine so other neurotransmitters may be involved. Therefore there is no need to feel stressed or ashamed about them. Symptom targeting: a specific symptom is selected for which a particular coping strategy can be devised Scheff (1966) points out that diagnosis classification labels the individual, and this can have many adverse effects, such as a self-fulfilling prophecy (patients may begin to act how they are expected to act), and lower self-esteem. Lobban (2013) reports that other family members felt they were able to cope better thanks to family therapy. tutor2u's AQA Knowledge Books are designed to help students recap and revise the essential specification knowledge by providing retrieval activities and exam skills development - View resources New for 2023 | Online CPD Courses for AQA A-Level Psychology Teachers CPD (Online) (1988) has found a gene located on chromosome 5 which has been linked in a small number of extended families where they have the disorder. The reason for this is because the research is carried out in highly controlled environments, which specialist, high tech equipment such as MRI and PET scans. Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. Due to the pivotal role of dopamine in schizophrenia this led to a culture of heavy smoking an nicotine addiction in psychiatric hospitals of the era. Drugs such as Chlorpromazine also have a sedative effect, meaning that they calm patients down and reduce anxiety. desire): in which a person becomes totally apathetic and sits around waiting for things to happen. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Make sure you know which is which, for example do you understand the difference between genetic explanation and neural correlates explanation, and do you have a model essay for each? Comorbidity refers to more than one disorders or diseases that exist alongside a primary diagnosis, which is the reason a patient gets referred and/or treated. In a token economy, tokens are given to reward people in psychiatric institutions for performing socially desirable behaviours, the aim being to encourage self-care. Research by Miyakawa et al. For example, some patients on typical antipsychotics develop tardive dyskinesia- a condition where there are uncontrollable facial tics. They arrest dopamine production by blocking the D2 receptors in synapses that absorb dopamine, in the mesolimbic pathway thus reducing positive symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations. Pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction: review article Andrey Biff Sarris 1 , Maki Caroline Nakamura 1 Luiz Gustavo Rachid Fernandes 1 , The therapist needs to accept that the illusions may seem real to the patient at the time and should be dealt with accordingly. It is now recognised that the vulnerability could be genetic or __environmental (for example, a traumatic event in early childhood). It is one of the chemicals in the brain which causes neurons to fire. Diathesis-stress model: Meehl (1962) originally proposed that both a vulnerability to schizophrenia and a stress-trigger are necessary in order to develop the condition. Tienari Et. This suggests that the dopamine hypothesis does not account for freewill. The differences were so large the schizophrenic twins could be easily identified from the brain images in 12 out of 15 pairs. They may or may not treat the illness as well as clozapine, however. Jack's experiences can be linked to the family dysfunction explanation. Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. The researchers concluded that this is more important in maintaining schizophrenia than in causing it in the first place, (Brown et al 1958). Predictive validity. RWA Offering drugs can lead to an enhanced quality of life as patients are given independence Positive impact on the economy as patients can return to work and no longer need to be provided with institutional care. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. B.A., History and Educational Psychology, University of Exeter. Boston Spa, Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction - Advantages and However, the fact that these people were on medication and having regular meetings with doctors would be expected to have that effect anyway. The idea of pleasing her, shows that he does want to make . However, evidence may not be reliable as patients recall may be affected by their schizophrenia. Is it the cognitive deficits which causes the schizophrenic behavior or is the schizophrenia that causes the cognitive deficits? Full Text. In CBT, patients may be taught to recognise examples of dysfunctional or delusional thinking, then may receive help on how to avoid acting on these thoughts. With these particular questions there is a sizeable risk that people dont understand the difference between the questions, and then write about the wrong thing. But they tended to block ALL types of dopamine activity, (in other parts of the brain as well) and this caused side effects and may have been harmful. For example Hogarty (1991) produced a type of therapy session, which reduced social conflicts between parents and their children which reduced EE and thus relapse rates. Gottesman (1991) has found that schizophrenia is more common in the biological relatives of a schizophrenic, and that the closer the degree of genetic relatedness, the greater the risk. Social behavior depends, in part, on using other peoples actions as clues for understanding what they might be thinking. Explanations of Attachment: Learning Theory, Research Methods: Scientific Method & Techniques, The Ethological Explanation of Aggression, Psychological Explanations of Offending Behaviour, Dealing with Offending Behaviour: Custodial Sentencing. Neural correlates are patterns of structure or activity in the brain that occur in conjunction with schizophrenia. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. The technique alleviates negative symptoms such as poor motivation, and nurses subsequently view patients more positively, which raises staff morale and has beneficial outcomes for patients. Family Therapy aims to reduce levels of expressed emotion, and reduced the likelihood of relapse. Treatment: In an interactionist approach, treatments will take more than one form. For example in some Asian countries people are not expected to show emotional expression, whereas in certain Arabic cultures public emotion is encouraged and understood. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the idea of contradictory messages causing schizophrenia. A. Antipsychotic drugs are highly effective as they are relatively cheap to produce, easy to administer and have a positive effect on many sufferers. Those who do not have the schizogene would not develop schizophrenia, even if they experienced a chronically stressful upbringing. These may be risk factors for the development and maintenance of schizophrenia. double-bind, high expressed emotion - . A second weakness of the neuroanatomical explanations is that it is biologically deterministic. Conversely, antipsychotic drugs work by binding to dopamine receptors and reduce symptoms. Schizophrenia is a severe type of mental illness that affects a person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. However they do not cure schizophrenia, rather they dampen symptoms down so that patients can live fairly normal lives in the community. schizophrenia psychology aqa question help - The Student Room The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49. This means it cannot be used to treat schizophrenia by itself. When desired behavior is displayed eg. Twenty-six of forty patients (65.0%) were taking haloperidol and 14 (35.0%) chlorpromazine. Benzel et al. For example, major depression and schizophrenia both involve very low levels of motivation. Schizophrenics returning to such a family were more likely to relapse into the disorder than those returning to a family low in EE. Schizophrenia Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Interactionist Approach Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? Token economies aim to manage schizophrenia rather than treat it. Communication skills training teach family to listen, to express emotions and to discuss things. West Yorkshire, CBT is rarely used without drug therapy, suggesting it is not enough on its own to treat schizophrenia. Research in Hampshire, by Kingdon and Kirschen (2006) found that CBT is not suitable for all patients, especially those who are too thought disorientated or agitated, who refuse medication, or who are too paranoid to form trusting alliances with practitioners. Eg. They generally have fewer side effects eg. More recent versions have included hypodopaminergia, where low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex are believed to be responsible for some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Visual - Evaluation of the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia 3. Most importantly, families can make the schizophrenic feel loved, accepted and valued. The NICE review of family therapy studies demonstrated that it was associated with significant cost savings when offered to patients alongside the standard care Relapse rates are also lower which suggests the savings could be even higher. All patients are in danger of relapsing but without medication the relapses are more common and more severe which suggests the drugs are effective. Medications reduce positive symptoms particularly hallucinations and delusions; and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. (1956) suggested the double bind theory, which suggests that children who frequently receive contradictory messages from their parents are more likely to develop schizophrenia. Where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the . b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter. For the classification system to be valid it should be meaningful and classify a real pattern of symptoms, which result from a real underlying cause. The fact that the concordance rates are not 100% means that schizophrenia cannot wholly be explained by genes and it could be that the individual has a pre-disposition to schizophrenia and simply makes the individual more at risk of developing the disorder. Medication can be taken as pills, syrups or injections, and may be taken over a short or long-term. They did not believe that schizophrenia was a disease. There are two types of twins identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic). Q&A from AQA: 16 Mark Questions for Psychological Treatments - tutor2u Autopsies have found that there are generally a large number of dopamine receptors (Owen et al., 1987) and there was an increase in the amount of dopamine in the left amygdale (falkai et al. They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. Adoption studies have helped clarify both of these problems. Evaluation of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia - Stuvia People with schizophrenia have abnormally large ventricles in the brain . However, biological factors must have had a role to play as none of the adoptees with no family history of schizophrenia from disturbed families developed schizophrenia, Boston House, The dopamine hypothesis is another biological explanation for schizophrenia. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction. If there is more than one individual in the scenario you must mention all of the characters to get to the top band. For example, an excess of dopamine receptors in Brocas area might be responsible for poverty of speech and auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia: Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia | Psychology - tutor2u Non-biological Explanation AO1 AO2 - PSYCHOLOGY WIZARD (2002) developed a machine that produced virtual hallucinations, such as hearing the television telling you to kill yourself or one persons face morphing into anothers. Antipsychotic medication will often be used alongside CBT, acknowledging the role that biological and psychological factors play in the disorder. Diathesis-Stress Model - Simply Psychology 11 Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. Double bind is based on clinical observation the patients and early evidence involved assessing the personality of the mothers for 'crazy-making' characterists. 11 items. Negative symptoms are a diminution or loss of normal functions such as psychomotor disturbances, avolition (the reduction of goal-directed behavior), disturbances of mood and thought disorders. The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. including dysfunctional thought processing. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. But if they have a supportive environment and/or good coping skills the illness may not develop. Some people who have been diagnosed as schizophrenic appear to have difficulties with this skill. This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia. It is not a cure. Cause and effect It remains unclear whether cognitive factors cause schizophrenia or if schizophrenia causes these cognitions Family dysfunction may not be a valid explanation for schizophrenia. 806 8067 22 Often, little or nothing is done to rectify the situation or to alleviate its adverse effects upon the child. Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. Kazdin et al. LS23 6AD This suggests that if this research was tested and re-tested the same results would be achieved. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. There is evidence that people diagnosed as schizophrenic have difficulties in processing various types of information, for example visual and auditory information. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! The effect of this is, as well as reducing positive symptoms, the reduction of depression and anxiety, and the enhancement of mood. Schizophrenia 16-marker Plans (AQA A Level Psychology) | Note - GoConqr laying out what they hope to achieve through the therapy. Thought disorder in which there are breaks in the train of thought and the person appears to make illogical jumps from one topic to another (loose association). Schizophrenia: Genetics - A Level Psychology AQA Revision - Study Rocket Fox (1990): It is more likely that factors associated with living in poorer conditions (e.g. Family therapies may improve the quality of life for schizophrenia patients and their families, but do not provide a cure for schizophrenia, rather a management of the effects. Addington and Addington (2005) claim that CBT is of little use in the early stages of an acute schizophrenic episode, but perhaps more useful when the patient is more calm and beginning to worry about how life will be after they recover. Support for family research, Tienari et al (1994) adoption study found those adopted children who had schizophrenic parents were more likely to become ill themselves than those children with non-biological parents. [4 marks], Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. It is therefore prescribed when the patient is at risk of suicide. So the stressors of modern living could cause increased schizophrenia in future generations. Having attempted to dispute faulty beliefs, patients may also be set behavioural assignments with the aim of improving their general level of functioning. Read et al (2005) reviewed 46 studies of child abuse and schizophrenia and found concluded that 69% of adult women in-patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia had a physical abuse, sexual abuse or both during their childhood. Visual - Evaluation of the icd and dsm as tools to diagnose schizophrenia 2. Of these, only 1 study showed improvement in symptoms and behavioural change in patients. This suggests that the biological account cannot give a full explanation of the disorder. Kendler (1985) has shown that first-degree relatives of those with schizophrenia are 18 times more at risk than the general population. Berger (1965), however this evidence may be unreliable because the patients recall may be effected by the dis-order e.g. For example, about 50% of people with schizophrenia are also diagnosed with depression. Recovery may be due to psychological factors The placebo effect is when patients symptoms are reduced because they believe that it should. (2007) three genes: COMT, DRD4, AKT1 have all been associated with excess dopamine in specific D2 receptors, leading to acute episodes, positive symptoms which include delusions, hallucinations, strange attitudes. [2 marks], - Characteristics of dysfunction eg difficulties in communication, high levels of interpersonal conflict, Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks], Briefly discuss two limitations of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia. Is the raised dopamine levels the cause of the schizophrenia, or is it the raised dopamine level the result of schizophrenia? this should enable a less biased/more varied/more representative sample OR this would allow the results to be generalised more widely, Wars of the Roses 6 - Henry VII 1485-1509. Delusions: The most common delusion that people diagnosed with schizophrenia report is that others are trying to harm or kill them delusions of persecution. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. Interactionist Approach: Definition, Evaluation & Example - StudySmarter US It is also used as a basis for the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) used by the World Health Organisation in classifying all disorders (mental and physical). Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Sometimes when people with schizophrenia become depressed, so it is common to prescribe anti-depressants at the same time as the anti-psychotics. Metaanalysis by Crossley Et Al (2010) suggested that Atypical antipsychotics are no more effective, but do have less side effects. This means that the brains of schizophrenics are lighter than normal. [4 marks]. Diagnosis of schizophrenia is difficult as the practitioner has no physical signs but only symptoms (what the patient reports) to make a decision on. Atypical antipsychotics such as Clozapine bind to dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors. [2 marks], - All drugs have side effects that can be severe and may lead to patients avoiding medication and hence to relapse, Outline and evaluate the use of antipsychotic drugs to treat schizophrenia [8 marks], 'Therapies can be time-consuming and, in some cases, uncomfortable for the client. Hawaiian Pinecone Strain, Great Lakes Youth Hockey League Standings, Articles F
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